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<text>
<title>
(Before TIME) World War Debt:Borah Speaks
</title>
<history>TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1910s Highlights</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
Borah Remarks
February 2, 1925
</hdr>
<body>
<p> One January afternoon, William E. Borah, Chairman of the
Foreign relations Committee, rose in the U.S. Senate and began
an address with these words:
</p>
<p> "The press dispatches from Paris carry this morning the
account of a speech made in the Chamber of Deputies by Louis
Marin on the subject of the French debt. It seems to express
the view not only of the distinguished speaker but the view of
the Chamber of Deputies and I presume in a large measure the
view of the French people....
</p>
<p> "We are regarded as to some extent playing the role of a
Shylock, exacting the last cent or the last pound of flesh; and
it is particularly to that phase of the controversy that I wish
to address my remarks today.
</p>
<p> "The United States is not in the attitude of an exacting
creditor, and had displayed none of the qualities of an
exacting creditor."
</p>
<p> With these prolegomena, he launched into the discussion of
the terms we have offered to debtor nations. He told how we had
lent money to the Allies during and following the War at 5%
interest, then considered a fair rate. He told how the British
debt at the time settlement amounted, with interest, to
$4,600,000,000. In settling this account, we agreed to accept
interest at the rate of 3% and 3 1/2% during 62 years while the
principal was being paid up. Meanwhile, the U.S. which borrowed
the money to lend to Britain, is paying a greater amount of
interest on its own obligations. The following table shows the
comparative amounts of interest on the 62 year payment plan 1)
which the British will actually pay, 2) which the U.S.
Government is paying on the same debt, 3) which the British
would have paid at the original 5% rate of interest:
</p>
<table>
Interest
British pay.................. $6,505,965,000
U.S. pays (assumed as 4 1/4%) 8,172,665,000
British would have paid (at
5%)....................... 10,306,900,000
</table>
<p> In brief, we reduced the total interest almost four
billion dollars, and the U.S. Government actually will receive
about one and a half million dollars less than it pays in
interest on the same debt. (As a matter of fact, the U.S. has
been refunding its original 4 1/4% debt at lower interest and
has prospects of avoiding most, if not all, of this loss.) The
same liberal terms are open to the French.
</p>
<p> Mr. Borah continued:
</p>
<p> "If this stood alone as the only item in the results
growing out of the War it would not be, perhaps, so striking;
but it is constantly argued that, in settling the debts we must
take into consideration, as M. Marin says, all the facts and
circumstances, all the conditions and sacrifices of the War,
and, I presume, all the gains and advantages of the War."
</p>
<p> He summed up the material gains of the War:
</p>
<p> U.S. No territory; no natural resources; no rights of
exploitation; no indemnity.
</p>
<p> Great Britain. Exclusive of Persia, 1,607,053 square miles
of territory with 35,000,000 inhabitants--more territory than
there is in Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada,
Arizona, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas,
Oklahoma and Kansas; valuable natural resources; destruction of
her only great rival, both naval and commercial, on the sea.
</p>
<p> France. Territory 402,392 square miles in extent and
inhabited by 4,000,000 people; petroleum reserves; the coal
beds of the Saar Valley, worth from $150,000,000 to
$500,000,000; recovery of Alsace-Lorraine; a large share of
$6,500,000,000 paid already in reparations by Germany.
</p>
<p> "There have been some strange arguments advanced from time
to time in regard to this French debt," Mr. Borah pursued. "We
are not only advised by the French people, but we are advised
by a certain class of our own people to a limited extent, that
we ought to forgive the French debt because the French
practically forgave the debt which we incurred during the
American Revolution. As a matter of fact, the United States
paid every dollar of the debt incurred at that time. I have the
statement of facts and figures furnished me by the Treasury
Department, where the records are, disclosing a full settlement
and a higher rate of interest than we are now proposing."
</p>
<p> Here Senator Bruce of Maryland interrupted to defend the
services of the French to us in our Revolution, concluding:
</p>
<p> "Does the Senator believe that Lafayette, the able young
man who left the side of his bride, was actuated by anything in
the world but a surge of knightly chivalry for our people to
come to this country?"
</p>
<p> To this Mr. Borah replied:
</p>
<p> "All honor to Lafayette. But Lafayette had to steal away.
The French Government tried to arrest him while he was going.
He had undertaken to fit out a ship. He was deprived of the
opportunity of taking it and stole away like a criminal from
the French Government which was so deeply in sympathy with
America.
</p>
<p> "Not only that, but the time came when the Congress of the
United States compensated Lafayette; and I have upon my desk
now the statue which we enacted paying him for his services and
deeding to him a large tract of land. The United States met
every obligation and she did not plead at that time, as it is
pleaded now, that the war was fought upon her territory and
therefore we should not pay the debt. She did not plead that
France came into the war late, after the battle of Saratoga,
and, therefore, we should not pay the debt. She did not plead
that it was a common fight for liberty and therefore she should
not pay the debt.
</p>
<p> "The French War debt now in principal and interest amounts
to above 4,000,000,000. No part of the principal has been paid,
and no interest has been paid at any time."
</p>
<p>
RAILROADS: Costs: February 2, 1925
</p>
<p> Last week, the U.S. Director General of Railroads, James
C. Davis, rendered a report to President Coolidge. (James Cox
Davis, not to be confused with either of the last two
Democratic candidates for the Presidency, is a native of
Keokuk, Ia. Once he was mayor of that city; later became
general attorney for Iowa of the Chicago and Northwestern
Railway. When the Government took over the railroads, he became
the first General Solicitor of the "Northwestern" and then
general counsel of the Railroad Administration. In March, 1921,
he was appointed Director General of the railways to settle the
controversies arising out of returning the roads to private
ownership. Now in his 60's, bald, white fringed, quizzical, he
is completing the task. For 20 years he has carried a rabbit's
foot.) Although the books are not yet closed, he was able to
make an estimate of the final cost to the Government of
operating the railways during the War. The tabulation:
</p>
<p> Excess of expenses over receipts during 20 months of
Government operation, $1,123,500,000.
</p>
<p> Cost to the Government of guarantee of earnings to
railways for first six months after their being turned back to
private owners, $536,000,000.
</p>
<p> Damages of $786,003,274 claimed by the railways of
Government operations of main lines, $15,000,000.
</p>
<p> There are also pending 6,000 or 7,000 private suits for
damages against the railroads under Government operation, but
the cost of settling these cannot be great comparatively.
</p>
<p> Against these expenses, the Government secured
$195,072,295 from the railways for expenditures in excess of
requirements; this, with other items, brings the estimated
total cost to the Government down to $1,674,500,000.
</p>
<p> Such was the expense to the Government of taking over for
its War time needs property of estimated value of
$19,000,000,000, a business with about 2,000,000 stock and bond
holders and the same number of employes, with equipment
consisting of 366,197 miles of track, 2,408,518 freight cars,
66,070 locomotives, 55,939 passenger cars, 532 separate
railways (exclusive of some 855 short line railways, not taken
over) and 25 coastwise and inland steamship equipment,
elevators and other essentials.
</p>
<p> With the exception of the private suits for damages, the
entire settlement was made without a single lawsuit.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>