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- <text>
- <title>
- (Before TIME) World War Debt:Borah Speaks
- </title>
- <history>TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1910s Highlights</history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- Borah Remarks
- February 2, 1925
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> One January afternoon, William E. Borah, Chairman of the
- Foreign relations Committee, rose in the U.S. Senate and began
- an address with these words:
- </p>
- <p> "The press dispatches from Paris carry this morning the
- account of a speech made in the Chamber of Deputies by Louis
- Marin on the subject of the French debt. It seems to express
- the view not only of the distinguished speaker but the view of
- the Chamber of Deputies and I presume in a large measure the
- view of the French people....
- </p>
- <p> "We are regarded as to some extent playing the role of a
- Shylock, exacting the last cent or the last pound of flesh; and
- it is particularly to that phase of the controversy that I wish
- to address my remarks today.
- </p>
- <p> "The United States is not in the attitude of an exacting
- creditor, and had displayed none of the qualities of an
- exacting creditor."
- </p>
- <p> With these prolegomena, he launched into the discussion of
- the terms we have offered to debtor nations. He told how we had
- lent money to the Allies during and following the War at 5%
- interest, then considered a fair rate. He told how the British
- debt at the time settlement amounted, with interest, to
- $4,600,000,000. In settling this account, we agreed to accept
- interest at the rate of 3% and 3 1/2% during 62 years while the
- principal was being paid up. Meanwhile, the U.S. which borrowed
- the money to lend to Britain, is paying a greater amount of
- interest on its own obligations. The following table shows the
- comparative amounts of interest on the 62 year payment plan 1)
- which the British will actually pay, 2) which the U.S.
- Government is paying on the same debt, 3) which the British
- would have paid at the original 5% rate of interest:
- </p>
- <table>
- Interest
- British pay.................. $6,505,965,000
- U.S. pays (assumed as 4 1/4%) 8,172,665,000
- British would have paid (at
- 5%)....................... 10,306,900,000
- </table>
- <p> In brief, we reduced the total interest almost four
- billion dollars, and the U.S. Government actually will receive
- about one and a half million dollars less than it pays in
- interest on the same debt. (As a matter of fact, the U.S. has
- been refunding its original 4 1/4% debt at lower interest and
- has prospects of avoiding most, if not all, of this loss.) The
- same liberal terms are open to the French.
- </p>
- <p> Mr. Borah continued:
- </p>
- <p> "If this stood alone as the only item in the results
- growing out of the War it would not be, perhaps, so striking;
- but it is constantly argued that, in settling the debts we must
- take into consideration, as M. Marin says, all the facts and
- circumstances, all the conditions and sacrifices of the War,
- and, I presume, all the gains and advantages of the War."
- </p>
- <p> He summed up the material gains of the War:
- </p>
- <p> U.S. No territory; no natural resources; no rights of
- exploitation; no indemnity.
- </p>
- <p> Great Britain. Exclusive of Persia, 1,607,053 square miles
- of territory with 35,000,000 inhabitants--more territory than
- there is in Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada,
- Arizona, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas,
- Oklahoma and Kansas; valuable natural resources; destruction of
- her only great rival, both naval and commercial, on the sea.
- </p>
- <p> France. Territory 402,392 square miles in extent and
- inhabited by 4,000,000 people; petroleum reserves; the coal
- beds of the Saar Valley, worth from $150,000,000 to
- $500,000,000; recovery of Alsace-Lorraine; a large share of
- $6,500,000,000 paid already in reparations by Germany.
- </p>
- <p> "There have been some strange arguments advanced from time
- to time in regard to this French debt," Mr. Borah pursued. "We
- are not only advised by the French people, but we are advised
- by a certain class of our own people to a limited extent, that
- we ought to forgive the French debt because the French
- practically forgave the debt which we incurred during the
- American Revolution. As a matter of fact, the United States
- paid every dollar of the debt incurred at that time. I have the
- statement of facts and figures furnished me by the Treasury
- Department, where the records are, disclosing a full settlement
- and a higher rate of interest than we are now proposing."
- </p>
- <p> Here Senator Bruce of Maryland interrupted to defend the
- services of the French to us in our Revolution, concluding:
- </p>
- <p> "Does the Senator believe that Lafayette, the able young
- man who left the side of his bride, was actuated by anything in
- the world but a surge of knightly chivalry for our people to
- come to this country?"
- </p>
- <p> To this Mr. Borah replied:
- </p>
- <p> "All honor to Lafayette. But Lafayette had to steal away.
- The French Government tried to arrest him while he was going.
- He had undertaken to fit out a ship. He was deprived of the
- opportunity of taking it and stole away like a criminal from
- the French Government which was so deeply in sympathy with
- America.
- </p>
- <p> "Not only that, but the time came when the Congress of the
- United States compensated Lafayette; and I have upon my desk
- now the statue which we enacted paying him for his services and
- deeding to him a large tract of land. The United States met
- every obligation and she did not plead at that time, as it is
- pleaded now, that the war was fought upon her territory and
- therefore we should not pay the debt. She did not plead that
- France came into the war late, after the battle of Saratoga,
- and, therefore, we should not pay the debt. She did not plead
- that it was a common fight for liberty and therefore she should
- not pay the debt.
- </p>
- <p> "The French War debt now in principal and interest amounts
- to above 4,000,000,000. No part of the principal has been paid,
- and no interest has been paid at any time."
- </p>
- <p>
- RAILROADS: Costs: February 2, 1925
- </p>
- <p> Last week, the U.S. Director General of Railroads, James
- C. Davis, rendered a report to President Coolidge. (James Cox
- Davis, not to be confused with either of the last two
- Democratic candidates for the Presidency, is a native of
- Keokuk, Ia. Once he was mayor of that city; later became
- general attorney for Iowa of the Chicago and Northwestern
- Railway. When the Government took over the railroads, he became
- the first General Solicitor of the "Northwestern" and then
- general counsel of the Railroad Administration. In March, 1921,
- he was appointed Director General of the railways to settle the
- controversies arising out of returning the roads to private
- ownership. Now in his 60's, bald, white fringed, quizzical, he
- is completing the task. For 20 years he has carried a rabbit's
- foot.) Although the books are not yet closed, he was able to
- make an estimate of the final cost to the Government of
- operating the railways during the War. The tabulation:
- </p>
- <p> Excess of expenses over receipts during 20 months of
- Government operation, $1,123,500,000.
- </p>
- <p> Cost to the Government of guarantee of earnings to
- railways for first six months after their being turned back to
- private owners, $536,000,000.
- </p>
- <p> Damages of $786,003,274 claimed by the railways of
- Government operations of main lines, $15,000,000.
- </p>
- <p> There are also pending 6,000 or 7,000 private suits for
- damages against the railroads under Government operation, but
- the cost of settling these cannot be great comparatively.
- </p>
- <p> Against these expenses, the Government secured
- $195,072,295 from the railways for expenditures in excess of
- requirements; this, with other items, brings the estimated
- total cost to the Government down to $1,674,500,000.
- </p>
- <p> Such was the expense to the Government of taking over for
- its War time needs property of estimated value of
- $19,000,000,000, a business with about 2,000,000 stock and bond
- holders and the same number of employes, with equipment
- consisting of 366,197 miles of track, 2,408,518 freight cars,
- 66,070 locomotives, 55,939 passenger cars, 532 separate
- railways (exclusive of some 855 short line railways, not taken
- over) and 25 coastwise and inland steamship equipment,
- elevators and other essentials.
- </p>
- <p> With the exception of the private suits for damages, the
- entire settlement was made without a single lawsuit.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-